Potential Fire Hazard: Aluminum Wiring
By James A. "Buck" Durham, P.E.
Structural Engineer - Durham and Wehrman Engineering,
Phone 256-353-0504.
If you're dealing with a home built, added on to, or rewired between 1965 and 1972,
aluminum wiring might be a problem for you. Research by the U.S. Consumer Safety
Commission revealed that homes wired with aluminum wire manufactured before 1972
are 55 times more likely to have one or more connections reach fire hazard conditions
than homes wired with copper.
Aluminum wire manufactured after 1972 was somewhat improved, though the
introduction of aluminum alloys did not solve most of the connection failure problems,
and aluminum use for branch wiring, that is wiring to receptacles and switches, ended
by the mid seventies.
Now forbidden by building codes for internal branch wiring, aluminum wiring is still
used for such applications as residential service entrance wiring, or single-purpose
higher amperage circuits, including 240-volt air conditioning and electric range
circuits. For these applications, a heavy-gauge aluminum wire can be used, eliminating
the hazard created by the smaller-gauge branch wiring.
Aluminum wiring use started in 1965 as a cheap alternative to copper wiring. Its
cheapness, observed one builder, was evidenced by the fact that no one came to a
home building site to pick up aluminum wire scraps as they had always done with
copper wire. Within a few years, however, the less expensive wire proved itself to be
a weak substitute for copper.
One common problem with aluminum wire is that it more easily corrodes at
connections than copper. Such corrosion increases resistance and this increased
resistance causes overheating of the wire at connections with switches or outlets, or
at splices.
Another problem arises because aluminum wiring expands more than copper during
the expansion and contraction that carrying electricity causes wire to go through. The
constant expansion and contraction can eventually loosen the screws holding the wire
onto the light switch or receptacle, or loosen at a spice, causing the electricity to arc
in the wall at the loose connection. Such an arc is like a flint rock being struck and
making a spark inside the wall, eventually finding surrounding building material that
will serve as tinder.
If you are not sure whether a home has aluminum branch wiring, you might be able to
tell by looking at the markings on the surface of cables left exposed in unfinished
basements, crawl spaces, garages or attic. Aluminum wiring will have "Al" or
"Aluminum" marked every few feet along the length of the cable. Copper-coated
aluminum wire does not present the fire hazard of plain aluminum wire. It is marked CU-
clad or Copper-Clad.
Although not all failing aluminum wire connections give any tell-tale signs of their
eminent demise, there are sometimes warning signs. These include warm-to-the-touch
face plates on outlets or switches, flickering lights, non-functioning circuits and the
smell of burning plastic at outlets or switches.
The "feel the faces" advice, though often given, is ineffective and potentially
dangerously misleading since the person doing the feeling often has no idea how
much current, if any, a receptacle's connections have been carrying, and for how long,
prior to being "tested" in this way.
A better method is to turn off the power to the outlet at the main power breaker,
remove the cover plate, and then, using a bright flashlight, inspect the area of each
wire terminal. Look for charring or discoloration of the plastic wiring device body
around the screw terminals, abnormal tarnishing or corrosion of wire and screw
terminal, melting, bubbling or discoloration of the wire insulation.
Also keep in mind that such inspection can reveal only what has happened, not what
might happen. An aluminum wire connection might not have overheated in the past
because no significant current was ever flowing in its part of the circuit. It can look
"like new" but overheat to hazardous levels when a new load, such as a television,
portable heater or cooking appliance is plugged in.
If you have determined that the branch wiring in a home is aluminum, it should
probably be replaced with copper wiring throughout the home and the disconnected
aluminum wire left in the walls. If this is financially unrealistic, a form of patching can
be done at receptacles, switches and splices. This, however, is exacting work and
should be carried out only by a certified electrician. There is always risk of property
damage, injury and death associated with working on the electrical system of a home. It
is not a job for do-it-yourselfers. Disturbing such connections without fully knowing
what you are doing can often make them more dangerous.
A practical approximation to rewiring can be achieved by a method known as
"pigtailing." This entails using a specially-selected connector and installation method
to splice a short length of solid copper wire to each aluminum wire end. The copper
wire "pigtail" is then connected to the switch, receptacle, circuit breaker, light fixture,
etc.
In the meantime, a fire hazard can be lessened by removing from around aluminum-
wired receptacles and switch boxes anything that might ignite, such as bits of
wallpaper, wood dust/saw dust, insulation. Also keep stacks of storage boxes or
furniture away from such receptacles. Both ASHI (American Society of Home
Inspectors) and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) have extensive information about
aluminum wiring on their websites. ASHI can be accessed at www.ashi.com and
Underwriters Laboratories at www.underwriterslaboratories.com
A conscientious effort has been made by the authors to provide accurate information;
however, neither the authors nor Alabama Residential Inspection Services, LLC will
assume any liability for its use. Readers are advised to perform additional research,
seek other professional advice, and to act on the information provided, herein, very
carefully.
By James A. "Buck" Durham, P.E.
Structural Engineer - Durham and Wehrman Engineering,
Phone 256-353-0504.
If you're dealing with a home built, added on to, or rewired between 1965 and 1972,
aluminum wiring might be a problem for you. Research by the U.S. Consumer Safety
Commission revealed that homes wired with aluminum wire manufactured before 1972
are 55 times more likely to have one or more connections reach fire hazard conditions
than homes wired with copper.
Aluminum wire manufactured after 1972 was somewhat improved, though the
introduction of aluminum alloys did not solve most of the connection failure problems,
and aluminum use for branch wiring, that is wiring to receptacles and switches, ended
by the mid seventies.
Now forbidden by building codes for internal branch wiring, aluminum wiring is still
used for such applications as residential service entrance wiring, or single-purpose
higher amperage circuits, including 240-volt air conditioning and electric range
circuits. For these applications, a heavy-gauge aluminum wire can be used, eliminating
the hazard created by the smaller-gauge branch wiring.
Aluminum wiring use started in 1965 as a cheap alternative to copper wiring. Its
cheapness, observed one builder, was evidenced by the fact that no one came to a
home building site to pick up aluminum wire scraps as they had always done with
copper wire. Within a few years, however, the less expensive wire proved itself to be
a weak substitute for copper.
One common problem with aluminum wire is that it more easily corrodes at
connections than copper. Such corrosion increases resistance and this increased
resistance causes overheating of the wire at connections with switches or outlets, or
at splices.
Another problem arises because aluminum wiring expands more than copper during
the expansion and contraction that carrying electricity causes wire to go through. The
constant expansion and contraction can eventually loosen the screws holding the wire
onto the light switch or receptacle, or loosen at a spice, causing the electricity to arc
in the wall at the loose connection. Such an arc is like a flint rock being struck and
making a spark inside the wall, eventually finding surrounding building material that
will serve as tinder.
If you are not sure whether a home has aluminum branch wiring, you might be able to
tell by looking at the markings on the surface of cables left exposed in unfinished
basements, crawl spaces, garages or attic. Aluminum wiring will have "Al" or
"Aluminum" marked every few feet along the length of the cable. Copper-coated
aluminum wire does not present the fire hazard of plain aluminum wire. It is marked CU-
clad or Copper-Clad.
Although not all failing aluminum wire connections give any tell-tale signs of their
eminent demise, there are sometimes warning signs. These include warm-to-the-touch
face plates on outlets or switches, flickering lights, non-functioning circuits and the
smell of burning plastic at outlets or switches.
The "feel the faces" advice, though often given, is ineffective and potentially
dangerously misleading since the person doing the feeling often has no idea how
much current, if any, a receptacle's connections have been carrying, and for how long,
prior to being "tested" in this way.
A better method is to turn off the power to the outlet at the main power breaker,
remove the cover plate, and then, using a bright flashlight, inspect the area of each
wire terminal. Look for charring or discoloration of the plastic wiring device body
around the screw terminals, abnormal tarnishing or corrosion of wire and screw
terminal, melting, bubbling or discoloration of the wire insulation.
Also keep in mind that such inspection can reveal only what has happened, not what
might happen. An aluminum wire connection might not have overheated in the past
because no significant current was ever flowing in its part of the circuit. It can look
"like new" but overheat to hazardous levels when a new load, such as a television,
portable heater or cooking appliance is plugged in.
If you have determined that the branch wiring in a home is aluminum, it should
probably be replaced with copper wiring throughout the home and the disconnected
aluminum wire left in the walls. If this is financially unrealistic, a form of patching can
be done at receptacles, switches and splices. This, however, is exacting work and
should be carried out only by a certified electrician. There is always risk of property
damage, injury and death associated with working on the electrical system of a home. It
is not a job for do-it-yourselfers. Disturbing such connections without fully knowing
what you are doing can often make them more dangerous.
A practical approximation to rewiring can be achieved by a method known as
"pigtailing." This entails using a specially-selected connector and installation method
to splice a short length of solid copper wire to each aluminum wire end. The copper
wire "pigtail" is then connected to the switch, receptacle, circuit breaker, light fixture,
etc.
In the meantime, a fire hazard can be lessened by removing from around aluminum-
wired receptacles and switch boxes anything that might ignite, such as bits of
wallpaper, wood dust/saw dust, insulation. Also keep stacks of storage boxes or
furniture away from such receptacles. Both ASHI (American Society of Home
Inspectors) and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) have extensive information about
aluminum wiring on their websites. ASHI can be accessed at www.ashi.com and
Underwriters Laboratories at www.underwriterslaboratories.com
A conscientious effort has been made by the authors to provide accurate information;
however, neither the authors nor Alabama Residential Inspection Services, LLC will
assume any liability for its use. Readers are advised to perform additional research,
seek other professional advice, and to act on the information provided, herein, very
carefully.
ALUMINUM WIRING PROBLEMS
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